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The Bank says customs checks will hit trade flows following Brexit
The Bank of England has warned that the government’s Brexit deal will drag down growth over the next three years as extra trade barriers raise costs.
It came as two Bank policymakers called for an immediate interest rate cut to support the economy.
The Bank voted 7-2 to keep interest rates on hold at 0.75%.
Policymakers said weaker global growth and ongoing uncertainty over Brexit would continue to weigh on the UK economy.
The Bank said the new EU withdrawal agreement struck by Prime Minister Boris Johnson had reduced the likelihood of a no-deal Brexit.
The Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) that sets interest rates said this would end some of the uncertainty facing businesses and households.
However, policymakers added that the transition to a new trade deal would introduce new customs checks and regulatory barriers.
The MPC said its assumption of a Canada-style “deep free-trade agreement” between the UK and EU would “raise administrative costs for firms” doing business with the continent.
What’s the outlook for growth?
The Bank expects annual UK growth to rise from 1.25% in 2019 and 2020 to 1.75% in 2021. While growth for 2019 is slightly faster than predicted in August, before the Brexit deal was announced, it would be weaker in subsequent years as the impact of extra trade barriers started to bite.
The Bank’s Monetary Policy Report said weaker global growth and its new assumptions about Brexit would knock 1% off UK growth over the next three years compared to its forecast in August.
Policymakers expect the UK economy to have grown by 0.4% in the three months to September this year, double its estimate in August amid a recovery in the UK’s dominant services sector.
However, growth in the final quarter of the year is expected to fall back to 0.2%.
Spending pledges by the government are expected to boost growth in the coming years.
However, policymakers said Brexit would continue to dominate the economic outlook and could permanently reduce long-term growth.
The Bank also cited research that showed the current level of business investment is around 11% lower because of Brexit uncertainty.
What else did the Bank say about Brexit?
For the first time, Bank policymakers changed their assumption about the UK’s future trading relationship with the EU.
It now assumes the government will strike a free-trade agreement with Brussels that will keep goods tariffs at zero but introduce customs checks at the border.
Policymakers said: “As a result, trade flows are likely to fall and some companies might exit the market.”
Diverging regulations would also hit a wide variety of sectors across the EU, from law to banking.
The Bank also suggested that trade deals with new partners would be years away, reflecting the fact that “it typically takes several years for new trade deals to be negotiated and implemented”.
What’s the outlook for interest rates?
Michael Saunders and Jonathan Haskel, two of the Bank’s external rate-setters, voted to cut interest rates to 0.5%, from the current rate of 0.75%.
They said inflation, which currently stands at 1.7%, suggested that there was little risk that the economy would overheat in the medium term if interest rates were cut.
The MPC expects inflation, as measured by the consumer prices index (CPI), to fall to around 1.2% by next spring as the impact of the government’s energy price cap kicks in.
This is well below the Bank’s 2% target.
While the unemployment rate remains below 4%, which is its lowest since the 1970s, Mr Saunders and Mr Haskell said they believed recent data suggested the “labour market was turning”.
They also said there was a risk world growth could be weaker and Brexit uncertainties could persist for longer than the MPC’s assumptions.
Financial markets believe interest rates will be cut to 0.5% in the coming year.
Lower interest rates are good news for borrowers and bad news for savers as commercial banks use the Bank of England as a reference point for the rates they offer on mortgages and savings accounts.
Will Mark Carney delay his departure from the Bank?
Bank governor Mark Carney is due to stand down from his role on 31 January next year. However, at the Bank’s press conference he opened the door to staying on beyond that date.
He said that he had already agreed to extend his term twice in order to ensure the financial system was prepared for Brexit, and also to ensure a proper handover to his successor.
Mr Carney said it was understandable that a decision on the new governor had not been made “given the priority” that the Brexit negotiations have taken.
He committed to making sure that the transition to the new governor was “smooth”.
